संक्रमण

बैक्टीरिया, वायरस या परजीवी जैसे सूक्ष्मजीव जब शरीर में प्रवेश करते हैं तो व्यक्ति संक्रमण का शिकार होता है। संक्रमण लक्षणों के साथ भी दिख सकता है और लक्षणहीन और सबक्लाइनिकल भी हो सकता है।

चिकनपॉक्स (Chickenpox) — चिकनपॉक्स (Chickenpox)
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Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection that has a worldwide presence. It is an airborne disease characterised by itchy, red spots all over the body. Chickenpox is generally mild in children; however, in those with impaired immunity and in adults, the disease could be quite severe. Individuals with a history of chickenpox become immune to the virus and do not contract it again in life. However, the virus lies dormant in the nerve tissue of the spinal cord and, in some cases, activates again later in life as shingles, a painful skin condition. Although most people recover fully from chickenpox without needing treatment, some may require medical attention due to severity or perhaps certain complications Chickenpox used to be a common infection until the mid-1990s. Thereafter, the number of cases declined due to the introduction of the varicella vaccine. Vaccination is the best preventive measure against chickenpox.
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Dr Nitin Nair

मस्तिष्क में सूजन (Encephalitis) — मस्तिष्क में सूजन (Encephalitis)

Encephalitis is a disease that results in inflammation of the brain. The patient’s central nervous system is affected. While the lesser symptoms include headaches and fevers, the more severe ones cause the onset of mental issues like seizures, confusion, disorientation, tremors and hallucinations.
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बुखार (Fever) — बुखार (Fever)

Your body temperature is considered normal when it hovers around 98.6°F. However, the normal range may vary depending on several factors like the food we consume, our sleeping patterns and the physical activities we perform. When there is an increase in body temperature, it is known as fever, medically termed as pyrexia. Commonly, fever is caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Actually, it is not a disease in itself but a symptom of underlying ailments or infections. Your body temperature rises when your immune system works hard to fight pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Severe bacterial infections account for about 10% of all fevers in newborns. The infections drop to 5% among children less than 3 years of age, and further decrease to 0.5% to 1% in older infants and toddlers.
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गोनोरिया (Gonorrhoea) — गोनोरिया (Gonorrhoea)
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Gonorrhoea is a bacterial infection that is transmitted by sexual contact with an infected person; it is caused by the organism Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This disease can be transmitted by contact with body fluids. The organism multiplies well in warm and moist parts of the reproductive tract such as the vagina, uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, and urethra of both men and women. Moreover, it is known to grow in the mouth, throat, eyes and anus.
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Dr. Ramakrishna Reddy

हेपेटाइटिस ए (Hepatitis A) — हेपेटाइटिस ए (Hepatitis A)

It is known as HAV and is present in the faeces of infected persons and is most often transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food. Certain sex practices can also spread HAV. Infections are in many cases mild, with most people making a full recovery and remaining immune from further HAV infections. However, HAV infections can also be severe and life threatening. Most people in areas of the world with poor sanitation have been infected with this virus. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent HAV. Hepatitis also known as jaundice is a condition brought about by the inflammation of the liver. Though there are various causes for this, hepatitis is most commonly caused by a viral infection. When this infection of the liver is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), the disease is termed Hepatitis A – a condition, according to the WHO estimation, where there are about 1.4 million cases of hepatitis A every year worldwide. So what causes it? What are its symptoms and how is it treated? Well, here are all the answers to those questions.
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हेपेटाइटिस बी (Hepatitis B) — हेपेटाइटिस बी (Hepatitis B)

Hepatitis B is a viral infection characterised by inflammation, i.e., swelling and redness, of the liver. It can sometimes lead to permanent liver damage. The liver is a major organ located on the right side of the abdomen. Under normal conditions, the liver performs the following functions: Produces a fluid (bile) that helps in the digestion of food Eliminates waste products present in the blood Store sugar that is utilised by the body for energy production In people with hepatitis B, the liver is unable to perform its normal functions. As a result, waste products begin building up in the blood and the body, resulting in various problems. The infection develops either into an acute or a chronic condition: Acute hepatitis B: The infection is termed acute if it lasts for less than six months. In this case, the body is effectively able to eliminate the virus from the body. Chronic hepatitis B: The infection is termed chronic if it lasts more than six months. In this case, the body is unable to get rid of the virus. The risk of infection turning chronic is higher in infants and young children than in adults. Chronic hepatitis B tends to cause long-term liver damage. Approximately one in 20 people infected with the hepatitis B virus develop chronic hepatitis B.
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हेपेटाइटिस ई (Hepatitis E) — हेपेटाइटिस ई (Hepatitis E)

Hepatitis E is found worldwide and different genotypes of the hepatitis E virus determine differences in epidemiology. For example, genotype 1 is usually seen in developing countries and causes community level outbreaks while genotype 3 is usually seen in the developed countries and does not cause outbreaks. Globally, 70 000 deaths and 3.4 million cases of acute hepatitis E are attributable to infection with hepatitis E virus genotypes 1 and 2. The highest seroprevalence rates (number of persons in a population who test positive for the disease) are observed in regions where low standards of sanitation increase the risk for transmission of the virus. Over 60% of all hepatitis E infections and 65% of all hepatitis E deaths occur in East and South Asia, where seroprevalence rates of 25% are common in some age groups. In Egypt, half the population aged above five years is serologically positive for the hepatitis E virus.
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हर्पीस (Herpes) — हर्पीस (Herpes)

[caption id="attachment_551037" align="alignnone" width="655"] Herpes is an infection caused by the human herpes simplex virus (HSV) that can enter the human body through various sites. The virus invades different sites such as the genitals or mouth by attacking the mucosal lining.The severity of the infection and the symptoms of the infection vary depending upon the site of the entry and immune resistance. The virus can be transmitted by close physical contact and thus, needs to be treated to prevent its spread. Once the virus enters the body, it starts multiplying in the primary contact area of the skin. It subsequently invades the nervous system, multiplies again, and goes dormant. In some cases, the virus lies dormant for years. However, in certain conditions such as trauma, emotional stress, etc., the virus can get activated, cause disease and produce viral particles that allow the infection to spread to other people. The disease symptoms are often severe in people with a weakened immune system, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or those who have undergone organ transplants. There is no cure available currently for the infection, although, some antiviral medicines provide relief from the symptoms of the infection.[/caption]
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एड्स/एचआईवी (AIDS/HIV) — एड्स/एचआईवी (AIDS/HIV)
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HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a viral infection transmitted through the sexual route. Intravenous needle sharing, infected blood transfusions and transmission from mother to child during birth and breastfeeding can also cause HIV infection. The symptoms become manifest two to four weeks after HIV infection. Symptoms can also be delayed for as long as ten months. HIV causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and can cause complications. Treatment of HIV / AIDS comprises antiretroviral drugs and lifestyle management. The patient may suffer from opportunistic infections, which are usually fatal. Hence control of infection in an HIV positive patient is a crucial part.
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Dr. Sachin Shelke

हाइपरटेंशन (Hypertension) — हाइपरटेंशन (Hypertension)

The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to various parts of the body via major blood vessels known as arteries. Blood pressure (BP) is the force applied by the blood on the walls of the arteries. BP is composed of two numbers: systolic BP and diastolic BP. The first number, systolic BP, is the BP while your heart is beating. The second number, called the diastolic BP, is the BP while your heart rests between the two beats. The normal reading of systolic and diastolic BP is 120/80 mmHg; hypertension is diagnosed when the systolic and diastolic reading is greater than or equal to 140 mmHg and 90 mmHg, respectively. Globally, one in four people has hypertension. Around 3.5 billion people have BP levels greater than 110–115 mmHg, and 874 million people have systolic BP greater than 140 mmHg. There are >200 million hypertension patients in India. In India, hypertension is present in 25%–30% of the urban population and 10%–20% of the rural population.
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मलेरिया (Malaria) — मलेरिया (Malaria)
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According to the World Malaria Report 2019 from the World Health Organization (WHO), there were about 228 million cases worldwide of this disease in 2018. The report estimates that the global death burden of malaria was 4,05,000 in that year. It also reveals that 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and India carried almost 85% of the global malaria burden in 2018. There are four types of parasites that can cause this mosquito-borne disease. One of them, known as plasmodium falciparum, was highly prevalent in the WHO African region (99.7% cases) and South East Asian region (50% cases) in 2018. The prevalence of P. vivax, another malaria-causing parasite, was also high later (53% of the global burden) in the year. Out of the total number of P. vivax malaria cases in South East Asia, the majority were from India (47%) in 2018. Malaria is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease characterised by high fever and chills. Transmitted through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes, it can be caused by four parasites: Plasmodium (P) vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. falciparum. However, there can be other modes of transmission too. You can catch malaria if you are exposed to infected blood during transfusion or while sharing needles used to inject drugs. A mother can also pass it on to the child at birth. The malaria parasites march to your liver after they sneak into your body. After maturing over there, they enter the bloodstream after a few days and attack your red blood cells. Once inside the red blood cells, these parasites take 48 to 72 hours to multiply. This makes your infected cells burst open. You start experiencing the symptoms of malaria as this process continues. P. falciparum leads to the most severe form of malaria called cerebral malaria. It can be fatal.
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Dr. Sachin Shelke

मर्स-कोव (MERS-CoV) — मर्स-कोव (MERS-CoV)
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Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a respiratory disease. It is caused by a coronavirus, which can lead to mild to severe respiratory infection. The first case of MERS was identified in 2012, and it is reported to have killed 3 to 4 out of every ten patients. The World Health Organization (WHO) labelled MERS-CoV a global danger in May 2013. MERS can infect anyone, and it is highly contagious, spreading from patients to others. This year too, Saudi Arabia and the U.S. confirmed deaths due to MERS-CoV infection. Although the virus has not yet made its way to India, physicians advise that it is best to be informed of the disease and take precautions ahead of time.
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Dr. Rajesh Vandra

मंकीपॉक्स (Monkeypox) — मंकीपॉक्स (Monkeypox)
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The Monkeypox disease, which has been reported in over 20 countries throughout the world, is a viral zoonosis, or a virus transmitted from animals to humans. It is a disease characterized by a swollen lymph node, widespread rash, and fever. The symptoms are similar to that of smallpox; however, they are clinically less severe. Monkeypox is typically found in the tropical rainforests of Central and West Africa, and also in areas where animals that can carry the virus live. However, the monkeypox virus has now spread to non-epidemic countries like the UK, Spain, Portugal, and more. While it is not believed to be deadly, the Centers for Disease and Control data suggests that 1 in every 10 cases of monkeypox can result in death. Scroll down to know more about the symptoms, causes and treatment of monkeypox.
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Dr. Pruthu Narendra Dhekne

निमोनिया (Pneumonia) — निमोनिया (Pneumonia)
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According to a 2018 report released by Our World in Data, an online publication focusing on problems affecting the globe, pneumonia is a leading cause of death among children under five years of age globally. It also reveals that in 2017 alone, more than 809,000 children under five years lost their lives to this lung condition. [1] Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung infection that primarily affects the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs). The air sacs or alveoli may even get filled with fluid or pus, and the symptoms range from mild to severe. These prominent symptoms include cough with phlegm or pus, high fever, chills and breathing difficulties. Pneumonia, which can affect one or both the lungs, can be caused by viral or bacterial infections. Senior citizens (above 65 years of age), infants below two years, people with chronic lung conditions and severe infections are more vulnerable to pneumonia. This is because their immune systems are compromised. Also, lifestyle habits like smoking and alcoholism escalate your risk of catching this lung infection.[2]
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Dr. Gaurav Ghatawat

टॉन्सिल की सूजन (Tonsillitis) — टॉन्सिल की सूजन (Tonsillitis)
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Are you suffering from a sore throat with pain and difficulty in swallowing yet again? It could be more than just a seasonal throat infection this time. Although majorly seen in children, recurring throat infections can occur in adults and may lead to tonsillitis, inflammation of the tonsils. Tonsils are glandular, soft, red lumps that can be seen at the back of the throat. They are a part of the human immune system. Tonsils are made up of tissues that help the body defend itself against various disease-causing germs that gain entry into the body through the throat and the upper respiratory system. Sometimes, while protecting the body by attacking the entering bacteria and viruses, the tonsils can themselves get infected and inflamed.
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Dr. Poonam Kathe

टीबी (Tuberculosis) — टीबी (Tuberculosis)

Tuberculosis is a highly contagious disease that can cause debilitating symptoms. Timely treatment is the key to overcoming this condition. Globally, tuberculosis or TB is one of the 10 leading causes of death, observes the World Health Organization. In India, the death toll of this disease, which primarily attacks the lungs, was 423,000 in 2017 alone, reveals the Union Health Ministry’s National Anti-TB Drug Resistance Survey, 2018. The total burden of this condition that year was 1.8 million.
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टाइफॉइड (Typhoid) — टाइफॉइड (Typhoid)

The latest global evaluation of the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates typhoid-related deaths ranges from 1,28,000 to 1,61,000 per year. According to this estimate, ~11–21 million typhoid cases are annually recorded. The prevalence of typhoid in Africa, South East Asian countries, Western Pacific countries, Central and South America and India is commonly reported. These areas have poor water quality and sewage sanitation. Typhoid, a gastrointestinal infection, is characterised by high diarrhoea, vomiting fever and is caused by a bacterial infection known as Salmonella typhi (S. Typhi). An individual can get infected with these bacteria by ingesting contaminated food or water. Moreover, typhoid fever is referred to as enteric fever, which describes both typhoid and paratyphoid fever. The illness course extends to unspecified body system-related diseases from the early digestive system distress and eventually to multiple complications. Salmonella spreads through the faecal-oral route through contaminated water, undercooked food, fomites of the infected patient, and more common areas with overcrowding and poor sanitation. Individuals suffering from typhoid fever carry the bacteria in both their bloodstream and intestinal tract.
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मूत्र पथ में संक्रमण (Urinary tract infections) — मूत्र पथ में संक्रमण (Urinary tract infections)
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Urinary tract infection or UTI occurs when bacteria infect several parts of the urinary tract. The most common type of UTI is a bladder infection, also known as cystitis. Kidney infection, known as pyelonephritis, is a less common but more serious UTI. UTI is a common condition, especially among women. More than half of women will have urinary tract infection at least once in their lifetime. Thought to be a condition that will eventually clear up, UTI can have severe long term complications. Here is your complete guide on the condition and why you should get adequate treatment for it. UTI is a prevalent infection that affects 150 million people every year. One-third of women are diagnosed with this infection before 24, and half of the women develop this infection at least once before the age of 35. Thirty per cent of women suffering from UTI will develop recurrent urinary tract infections, also known as rUTIs.
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Dr. Sachin Shelke

यीस्ट इन्फेक्शन (Yeast Infection) — यीस्ट इन्फेक्शन (Yeast Infection)
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Be it white patches in the mouth or smelly vagina, rather than popping antibacterial pills, consult your doctor because it could indicate a yeast infection. Yeast is a fungus, commonly called candidiasis, which thrives on the skin and mucous membrane. Although usually controlled by immune cells, because of poor immune response in some cases, these yeast cells start to multiply, leading to a yeast infection. If untreated, it could result in oral problems and gynaecological issues. To deal with yeast infection, here is what you are required to know about the condition.
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Dr. Sangeeta Desai

जीका (Zika) — जीका (Zika)
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If you believed that mosquitoes only cause malaria, dengue and chikungunya, you are wrong. A recent World Health Organization (WHO) report stated that the mosquito is the primary vector for causing and spreading the deadly Zika disease. Zika is a viral infection native to Asia and Africa. Zika is caused by the bite of the Aedes mosquitoes, which also causes chikungunya and dengue. In fact, WHO has declared Zika a global emergency.
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Dr. Sachin Shelke

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